Linkage relationships of genes for leaf morphology and double flowering in Matthiola incana

Summary The inheritance and linkage relationships of a leaf morphology gene of Matthiola incana were investigated. The allele for sinuate leaf shape, c, was found to be recessive to the allele for normal entire leaf, C. The c allele was tightly linked to the recessive allele for double flowering, s. The recombination frequency between the two loci was close to zero. The mode of inheritance of the C gene was in accordance with the hypothesis that a pollen lethal gene is responsible for the constant 1:1 segregation ratio of double-flowered (= male sterile) to single-flowered (= fertile) plants in most M. incana breeding lines. The sinuate leaf allele seemed to reduce the frequency and delay the flowering of double-flowered plants. The importance of the C gene as a double flowering marker in the cultivation and the breeding of M. incana is discussed.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No. 1128-E, 1993 series.     

Critical Discussion on Abortive Interspecific Crosses in Brassica

In most interspecific hybridization among diploid Brassica species (n = 8, 9, 10), few or no hybrids are obtained, and the three crosses of tetraploid (n = 17, 18, 19) by diploid species are usually only partially successful, especially in one of the reciprocal crosses. Such a cross-incompatibility complex is explained in this paper by a polar-nuclei activation (PNA) hypothesis which proposes two reversible functions, a normal reproduction and a sexual barrier, of double fertilization in higher plants. The first, i.e. the relative activating value (AV) of diploid species, was estimated as 1.0–3.5, whereas that of tetraploid species was 2.7–5.2. In addition, crosses with a polar nuclei activation index (AI) of about 15–87 % were compatible but those beyond the two limits were incompatible, 50 % of those showing normal seed development after self-pollination.     

甘蓝型黄籽双低杂交油菜新品种油研九号恢复系5862R的选育

以优良的甘蓝型油菜黑籽双低品系6003和黄籽双低高油分品系408作为基础材料，采用杂交有种程序，经过5年8代（含杂交当代）的连续定向选择，育成了黄籽频率达91.6%-96.2%。含油量46.7%-49.3%，芥酸0.68%-0.14%。硫甙24.6-39.14μmol/g,丰产性与中双4号相当的甘蓝型黄籽双低新品系5862R，并被用作恢复系组配成功一个甘蓝型黄籽双低杂交油菜新品种油研九号，于1998年通过贵州省审定，至2001年秋在长江流域各省已累计示范推广面积达4万公顷左右。     

QTL analysis of seed dormancy in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Effective cumulative temperature (ECT) after heading would be a more reasonable parameter for seed sampling of pre-harvest sprouting/seed dormancy (SD) tests in segregating populations than the days after flowering. SD is an important agronomic trait associated with grain yielding, eating quality and seed quality. To identify genomic regions affecting SD at different grain-filling temperatures, and to further examine the association between SD and ECT during grain-filling, 127 double haploid (DH) lines derived from a cross between ZYQ8 (indica)/JX17 (japonica) by anther culture were analyzed. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and their digenic epistasis for SD were identified using a molecular linkage map of this population. A total of four putative QTLs for SD (qSD-3, qSD-5, 6 and 11) were detected on chromosomes 3, 5, 6 and 11, together explaining 41.4% of the phenotypic variation. Nine pairs of digenic epistatic loci were associated with SD on all but chromosome 9, and their contributions to phenotypic variation varied from 2.87%–8.73%. The SD QTL on chromosome 3 was identical to the QTLs found in other mapping populations with different genetic backgrounds, which could be a desirable candidate for gene cloning and marker-assisted selection in rice breeding.     

Homoeological relationships between the f chromosome of Brassica rapa and the e chromosome of Brassica oleracea

Eight plants of the putative double monosomic addition line (DMAL, 2n= 20) were developed by crossing a monosomic chromosome addition line of radish [f(A)‐type monosomic addition line (MAL) (2n= 19)] carrying the f chromosome of Brassica rapa (2n= 20, AA) with another [e(C)‐type MAL (2n= 19)] having the echromosome of Brassica oleracea (2n= 18, CC). The homoeological relationships between the two alien chromosomes were investigated by morphological, cytogenetic and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Seventeen morphological traits that were not present in the radish cv. ‘Shogoin’ were observed in both MALs and these traits were substantially exhibited in DMAL plants. At the first metaphase of pollen mother cells (PMCs), the two parental MALs showed a chromosome configuration of 9II +1I, demonstrating impossibility of recombination between the R and the added chromosomes. The DMALs formed 10II in approximately 73% of PMCs, with one bivalent showing loose pairing between two chromosomes differing in size. In an attempt to identify the two MALs by RAPD‐specific markers using 26 selected random primers, 13 and 20 bands were specific for the f(A)‐type and the e(C)‐type MALs, respectively; 12 bands were common to both MALs (26.7%). In conclusion, the f chromosome of B. rapa is homoeologous to the e chromosome of B. oleracea. The genetic domain (genes) for 17 morphological traits are linked to each homoeologous chromosome bearing 27% of the corresponding RAPD markers.     

棉花双隐性核雄性不育的利用研究

ｍｓ５ｍｓ５受两个隐性基因控制雄性不育，它来源于美国抗风暴品系，没有有害因子存在，用它为母本生产杂交种，具有较好的杂种优势。Ｆ２代群体中只有１／１６不育株，Ｆ２代种子可以利用。     

转Bt+Sck基因双价抗虫棉的抗虫性及遗传分析

对通过花粉管通道注射获得的转Bt Sck双价基因抗虫棉纯系312-5T2和332-2T2进行了生物抗虫性测定,转基因纯系对棉铃虫的抗性显著高于非抗虫对照苏棉16和抗虫对照品种sGK321,与抗虫对照R19抗虫性相当.遗传分析表明,转Bt Sck双价基因抗虫棉的抗性基因符合一对显性基因的分离规律.对转Bt Sck双价基因抗虫棉与R19及sGK321的杂交F1进行了抗虫性测定,所有的F1植株都表现出与转Bt Sck基因纯系亲本一致的抗虫性.转Bt Sck双价基因抗虫棉纯系312-5T2和332-2T2等位性测验证明:312-5T2与R19、sGK321的抗虫基因整合位点不连锁,表现为15∶1的自由组合比例;而332-2T2与R19中抗虫基因的整合位点表现连锁,与sGK321的抗虫基因表现自由组合.这为培育新的双价抗虫棉品种(系)提供了优良的育种材料.     

种植方式对“早晚兼用”双季稻生长发育特性及产量的影响

为了探讨不同种植方式对双季稻生长发育特性及产量的影响,2013—2014年以常规早稻‘中嘉早17’、杂交早稻‘陵两优104’为材料(早晚兼用),在大田栽培条件下进行了双季稻直播、手插秧、点抛秧(丢秧)和机插秧的种植方式比较试验。结果表明早稻2个品种均以机插秧方式产量最高,平均为9.17 t/hm2(8.28~10.10 t/hm2),晚稻2013年以机插秧和手插方式产量最高(8.78~8.79 t/hm2),2014年以直播和机插秧方式产量最高,分别为(8.05~8.20 t/hm2)和(7.79~8.03 t/hm2)。在播、插期相同条件下,早稻直播与手插秧、点抛秧、机插秧的全生育期差异不大,晚稻直播推迟播种13~15天,全生育期缩短了5~8天。手插秧、点抛秧分蘖消长呈早发稳升缓降型,机插秧呈缓发速升缓降型,直播呈速发速升速降型。不同种植方式抽穗期、成熟期的干物质积累存在年间差异,其中2013年以点抛秧最高,直播、机插秧次之,2014年以机插秧最高,手插秧、点抛秧次之。由此可见,采用早晚兼用的品种搭配方式和机插秧栽培,有利于双季稻产量形成及其构成因子间的协调,同时缓解双季稻机插秧的季节矛盾。